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Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) superfamily members are multifunctional growth factors that play pivotal roles in development and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have underscored the importance of TGF-ß in regulation of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition. TGF-ß signaling is initiated by ligand binding to a membrane-associated receptor complex that has serine/threonine kinase activity. This receptor complex phosphorylates specific Smad proteins, which then transduce the ligand-activated signal to the nucleus. Smad complexes regulate target gene transcription either by directly binding DNA sequences, or by complexing with other transcription factors or co-activators. There is extensive crosstalk between the TGF-ß signaling pathway and other signaling systems, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The importance of TGF-ß in regulation of cell growth has been emphasized by recent observations that mutations of critical elements of the TGF-ß signaling system are associated with tumor progression in patients with many different types of epithelial neoplasms. TGF-ß has emerged as a predominant mediator of extracellular matrix production and deposition in progressive renal disease and in other forms of chronic tissue injury. In this overview, recent advances in our understanding of TGF-ß signaling, cell cycle regulation by TGF-ß, and the role of TGF-ß in progressive renal injury are highlighted.
Key Words: transforming growth factor-ß • kidney • signaling • extracellular matrix • progressive renal disease
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