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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520–8040, and University of New Haven, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, West Haven, Connecticut 06516–1916
To whom requests for reprints should be addressed at 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520–8040; Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, 300 Orange Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516–1916. E-mail: eva.sapi{at}yale.edu
Colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) and its receptor (CSF-1R, product of c-fms proto-oncogene) were initially implicated as essential for normal monocyte development as well as for trophoblastic implantation. However, studies have demonstrated that CSF-1 and CSF-1R have additional roles in mammary gland development during pregnancy and lactation. This apparent role for CSF-1/CSF-1R in normal mammary gland development is very intriguing because this receptor/ligand pair has also been found to be important in the biology of breast cancer in which abnormal expression of CSF-1 and its receptor correlates with tumor cell invasiveness and adverse clinical prognosis. Recent findings also implicate tumor-produced CSF-1 in promotion of bone metastasis in breast cancer, and a certain membrane-associated form of CSF-1 appears to induce immunity against tumors. This review aims to summarize recent findings on the role of CSF-1 and its receptor in normal and neoplastic mammary development that may elucidate potential relationships of growth factor–induced biological changes in the breast during pregnancy and tumor progression.
Key Words: c-fms • growth factor • lactogenesis • macrophage • breast cancer
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