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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Influence of Osmolytes on In Vivo Glucose Monitoring Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Veronika V. Sapozhnikova^*, Donald Prough, Roman V. Kuranov^*, Inga Cicenaite^* and Rinat O. Esenaliev^*,,,1

^* Laboratory for Optical Sensing and Monitoring, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Anesthesiology, and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0456

To whom requests for reprints should be addressed at ¹ Laboratory for Optical Sensing and Monitoring, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Rt. 0456, Galveston, TX 77555-0456. E-mail: riesenal{at}utmb.edu

Diabetes mellitus and its complications are the third leading cause of death in the world, exceeded only by cardiovascular disease and cancer. Tighter monitoring and control of blood glucose could minimize complications associated with diabetes. Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT) for noninvasive glucose monitoring was proposed and tested in vivo. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of changes in blood glucose concentration ([glu]) and sodium concentration ([Na⁺]) on the OCT signal. We also investigated the influence of other important analytes on the sensitivity of glucose monitoring with OCT. The experiments were carried out in anesthetized female pigs. The OCT images were acquired continuously from skin, while [glu] and [Na⁺] were experimentally varied within their physiological ranges. Correlations of the OCT signal slope with [glu] and [Na⁺] were studied at different tissue depths. The tissue area probed with OCT was marked and cut for histological examination. The correlation of blood [glu] and [Na⁺] with the OCT signal slope was observed in separate tissue layers. On average, equimolar changes in [glu] produced 2.26 ± 1.15 greater alterations of the OCT signal slope than changes in [Na⁺]. Variation of concentrations of other analytes did not influence the OCT signal slope. The influence of [Na⁺] on relative changes in the OCT signal slope was generally less than [glu]-induced changes. OCT is a promising method for noninvasive glucose monitoring because of its ability to track the influence of changing [glu] on individual tissue layers.

Key Words: diabetes • glucose monitoring • optical coherence tomography