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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Tocotrienols Potentiate Lovastatin-Mediated Growth Suppression In Vitro and In Vivo

Jennifer A. McAnally^*, Jagriti Gupta, Shradha Sodhani, Lou Bravo and Huanbiao Mo^,1

^* Department of Biology; and Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas 76204

To whom requests for reprints should be addressed at ¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, P. O. Box 425888, Denton, TX 76204. E-mail: hmo{at}mail.twu.edu

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway that provides essential intermediates for the membrane anchorage and biologic functions of growth-related proteins. Contrary to preclinical studies showing the growth-suppressive activity of statins, competitive inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase, clinical application of statins in cancer is precluded by their lack of activity at levels prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and by their dose-limiting toxicities at high doses. The dysregulated and elevated HMG CoA reductase activity in tumors retains sensitivity to the isoprenoid-mediated posttranscriptional down-regulation, an action that complements the statin-mediated inhibition and may lead to synergistic impact of blends of isoprenoids and lovastatin on tumor HMG CoA reductase activity and consequently tumor growth. d-- and d--tocotrienols, vitamin E isomers containing an isoprenoid moiety, and lovastatin-induced concentration-dependent inhibition of the 48-hr proliferation of murine B16 melanoma cells with IC50 values of 20 ± 3, 14 ± 3, and 1.5 ± 0.4 µM respectively. A blend of lovastatin (1 µM) and d--tocotrienol (5 µM) totally blocked cell growth, an impact far exceeding the sum of inhibitions induced by lovastatin (12%) and d--tocotrienol (8%) individually. Synergistic impact of these two agents was also shown in human DU145 prostate carcinoma and human A549 lung carcinoma cells. C57BL6 mice were fed diets supplemented with 12.5 mg lovastatin/kg body weight, 62.5 mg d--tocotrienol/kg body weight, or a blend of both agents for 22 days following B16 cell implantation; only the latter had significantly lower tumor weight than those with no supplementation. Co-administration of isoprenoids that posttranscriptionally down-regulate tumor reductase may lower the effective dose of statins and offer a novel approach to cancer chemo-prevention and/or therapy.

Key Words: lovastatin • tocotrienol • HMG CoA reductase • B16 melanoma • synergy