EBM Email Content Delivery
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Toma, I.
Right arrow Articles by Kékesi, V.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Toma, I.
Right arrow Articles by Kékesi, V.
Experimental Biology and Medicine 231:847-851 (2006)
© 2006 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

HEART

Intrapericardial Angiotensin II Stimulates Endothelin-1 and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Formation of the In Situ Dog Heart

Ildikó Toma*, Balázs Sax*, Andrea Nagy*, László Entz, Jr.*, Miklós Rusvai{dagger}, Alexander Juhász-Nagy* and Violetta Kékesi*,1

* Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Semmelweis University; and {dagger} Department of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary

1 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed at Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, Hungary, H-1122. E-mail: violetta_kekesi{at}yahoo.com

Abstract

Angiotensin (AT) II, endothelin (ET)-1, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) play an important role in cardiovascular regulatory processes under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. All of these agents are present in the pericardial fluid, and alteration of their pericardial concentrations mirror changes in the myocardial interstitium. Moreover, the composition the pericardial fluid may also reflect the myocardial interaction of these agents. The local myocardial effects of AT II on cardiac ET-1 and ANP production, as well as on cardiovascular function, was studied by intrapericardial (ip) administration of AT II (0.125–1.0 µg/kg) to the in situ dog heart (n = 8). Big ET, ET-1, and ANP [1–28] fragment concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in pericardial infusate samples and in peripheral blood before and after an AT II treatment of 15 mins. Systemic blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and left ventricular contractility (dP/dt) were also recorded. In our studies, the pericardial big ET (but not ET-1) concentration was increased to a maximum value of 139 ± 28 versus 74 ± 12 pg/ml (control; P < 0.02) with ip AT II administration, with parallel elevations of the pericardial ANP levels (36.8 ± 7.2 vs. 24.4 ± 3.6 ng/ml; P < 0.05). The ip administration of AT II did not influence HR, and it elicited moderate changes in BP (BPmax, +14 ± 2 mm Hg, P < 0.001; dP/dtmax, +10 ± 3%, P < 0.02). The plasma levels of big ET, ET-1, and ANP did not change significantly. The results suggest that AT II promotes production of big ET and ANP in the heart. However, no detectable conversion of big ET-1 to ET-1 was observed within 15 mins. The myocardial formation of big ET-1 and ANP occurred, at least in part, independently of the changes in cardiovascular function.

Key Words: cardiovascular physiology • angiotensin II • endothelin-1 • atrial natriuretic peptide • pericardium

Introduction

Angiotensin (AT) II, endothelin (ET)-1, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are important regulators of cardiovascular function and act in concert with each other in different cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia, and heart failure. In addition to their classic effects exerted on vascular tone, neuro-endocrine function and fluid homeostasis, they have local autocrine and paracrine actions in the heart. The main source of the natriuretic peptide is the atrial and ventricular myocytes (1) and, as with ANP, AT II and ET-1 are also produced in the heart (2, 3). Myocardial AT II and ET-1 have synergistic effects on growth promotion of vascular and cardiac cells (4) and on the induction of the production of endothelium- and myocyte-derived regulators and inflammatory cytokines (5). ANP exerts antagonistic effects, such as antigrowth, antiproliferative properties (6), and, thus, may act against cardiac and vascular remodeling. At the same time AT II, ET-1, and ANP show multiple interactions, they modulate cardiovascular actions and the myocardial production of each other. A number of in vitro studies demonstrated that AT II induces ET-1 and ANP formation and release from cardiac tissue (7–9), and that ET-1 is also a potent activator of the myocardial release of ANP (10). In turn, ANP can decrease the effects and production of ET-1 and AT II in the heart (6, 11). It has been suggested that ET-1 mediates the effects of myocardial stretch on ANP release (12), as well as the proliferative action of AT II in the cardiac and vascular tissue (13, 14). AT II may also be released from stretched cardiomyocytes and elevate the cardiac ANP production (15).

The pericardial fluid, which is myocardial transudate, contains a large number of endogenous agents, such as natriuretic peptides (16, 17), ET (18), AT II (19), adenine nucleosides (20, 21), catecholamines (22), ferritin (23), cytokines and growth factors (24), etc. More importantly, the concentrations of these regulators in the pericardial fluid were found to be several times higher than in the plasma, indicating that they originate from the myocardial tissue. It was demonstrated that pericardial alterations of ANP (17, 25), ET-1 (26), adenosine, and inosine (27, 28) concentrations mirror changes in the myocardial interstitium. Moreover, the composition of pericardial fluid may also reflect the myocardial interaction of these agents.

In this study, we examined the local myocardial effects of intrapericardial (ip) administration of AT II on cardiac ET-1 and ANP production and release via measuring big ET-1, ET-1, and ANP concentrations in fluid samples obtained from the pericardial space of the in situ dog heart. The cardiac and hemodynamic effects of ip administration of AT II were also studied by monitoring the heart rate (HR), left ventricular contractility (dP/dt), and blood pressure (BP) during the experiments.

Materials and Methods

Animal Preparation.
Experiments were performed on anesthetized dogs (intravenous administration of 30 mg/ kg Nembutal; CEVA, Libourne Cedex, France; n = 8). The chest was opened transsternally in the 5th intercostal space and the animals were intubated and ventilated with room air (Cape CV2424 ventilator; Cape Engineering Co., Warwick, England) and kept at 37°C with a heating pad during the experiments. The right femoral artery was cannulated for monitoring arterial BP (Electromedics XD003 probe; Electromedics Inc., Englewood, CO) and the right carotid artery was prepared for introducing a catheter into the left ventricular cavity to measure the ventricular contractile force (Cordis pig-tail catheter 4F; Cordis Corp., Miami, FL). Needle electrodes were inserted into the limbs for standard electrocardiogram recording (CU12; Madaus Schwarzer, München, Germany). The closed pericardial sac was cannulated in a water tight manner via a small incision. The catheter was positioned and fixed in the lowest region of the pericardial sac (oblique sinus). This catheter was used to obtain pericardial fluid samples and for AT II application. Animal procedures were carried out in accordance with the relevant Hungarian National Legislation and with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (29).

Experimental Protocol and Sample Processing.
After a 20-min stabilization period, the native pericardial fluid was aspirated completely from the pericardial sac at the beginning of the experiment. A standard quantity of pericardial infusate fluid (0.75 ml/kg), consisting of phosphate-buffered physiologic saline with 0.5% w/v bovine serum albumin (PBSA) was left in the pericardium as a replacement for the native pericardial fluid. Each infusate sample was incubated for 15 mins in the pericardial sac for the standardization of biochemical changes. After control sampling, four consecutive infusate samples were obtained from the pericardial sac after ip applications of AT II in increasing doses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 µg/kg. After each sampling, the pericardial sac was rinsed five times with 5 ml PBSA (Fig. 1Go). Arterial blood samples were taken in parallel with pericardial infusate sampling. All samples were centrifuged (1500 g for 15 mins at 4°C) and stored at –20°C until biochemical measurements of big ET-1, ET-1, and ANP concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Biomedica GmbH, Wien, Austria). Data were corrected by the volume of the native pericardial fluid and were standardized for 100 g of cardiac tissue.


Figure 1
View larger version (17K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 1. Time table of AT II administration and pericardial sampling procedure in the experiments. NPF, native pericardial fluid; C, control pericardial sample; AT0.125, AT0.25, AT0.5, and AT1.0, pericardial samples after administration of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 µg/kg AT II into the pericardial infusate, respectively; W, pericardial washing five times with 5 ml PBSA.

 
Statistical Analysis.
The statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t test for hemodynamic variables and the Wilcoxon signed rank test or the Mann-Whitney U test for big ET-1, ET-1, and ANP data. Differences were considered statistically significant at the level of P < 0.05.

Results

Under basal conditions, the pericardial fluid contained more ET-1 and ANP than the plasma (13.4 ± 0.7 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5 pg/ml, P < 0.02; and 24.4 ± 3.6 vs. 7.6 ± 0.6 ng/ml, P < 0.02), in accordance with previous results. Similarly, we found higher big ET-1 concentrations in the pericardial fluid compared with the plasma levels (73.5 ± 12 vs. 9.9 ± 2.4 pg/ml; P < 0.05). Administration of AT II, ip, even in the smallest dose, caused a significant elevation in the pericardial concentration of big ET-1 (110.6 ± 24.2 vs. 73.5 ± 12; P < 0.02). Big ET-1 increased further, in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the plasma big ET-1 levels did not change under the same conditions. However, we did not observe elevations in the ET-1 concentrations in the pericardial fluid (control vs. AT II1.0, 13.4 ± 0.7 vs. 13.7 ± 0.7 pg/ml), indicating that no significant conversion of the extra big ET-1 to ET-1 occurred during the AT II effects. At the same time, the pericardial ANP concentrations showed slight increases at lower doses of ip administration of AT II, and the ANP levels were elevated significantly, by approximately 50%, in response to the largest dose of AT II (36.8 ± 7.2 vs. 24.4 ± 3.6 ng/ml; P < 0.05), without parallel alterations of ANP in the plasma samples (Fig. 2Go). The basal values of the hemodynamic variables (HR, 183 ± 8 beats/min; dP/dtmax, 2087 ± 228 mm Hg/sec; and mean BP, 121 ± 3 mm Hg) did not change (HR) or increased moderately (dP/dtmax and BP) in response to ip administration of AT II, when the highest dose of the agent was applied (Table 1Go).


Figure 2
View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 2. Concentrations of big ET-1 and ANP in the pericardial fluid and in the arterial plasma before (control [C]) and after administration of 0.125–1.0 µg/kg AT II into the pericardial sac. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.02 vs. control; n = 8.

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Changes of the Cardiovascular Variables in Response to Intrapericardial AT II Administration at the Time of Pericardial Sampling (n = 8)a
 
Discussion

The major finding of the present study is that ip application of AT II effectively stimulates big ET and ANP production and release in the in situ dog heart, demonstrated by the markedly significant elevations of their concentrations in pericardial sac fluid samples. According to previous studies (16–24), the pericardial fluid reflects the composition of cardiac interstitial fluid, and alterations in the pericardial concentrations of endogenous agents of cardiac origin may follow the changes in their production and release from the myocardium (17, 25–28). In addition, our previous experiments with the same protocol used in this study proved that, under control conditions, reproducible data can be measured after repeated incubation periods (26, 28). This indicated that 15 mins is sufficiently long to achieve equilibrium.

Because molecules of up to 40-kDa molecular weight can diffuse through the epicardium (30) and because the studied peptides are well within this limited range, we assumed that ip administration of AT II could pass into the heart and that any changes of big ET-1 and ANP concentrations detected in the pericardial infusate samples reflect the result of ongoing interactions in the heart.

Based on our results, we can assert that, 15 mins after ip AT II administration, the pericardial big ET-1 levels increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The pericardial concentrations of ANP were also elevated in response to large doses of AT-II. The basic ANP levels were comparatively high in these experiments, probably because of the anesthetic agent (pentobarbital), which stimulates ANP release (31, 32). However, exposure to AT II still induced a further increase. Accordingly, the ip AT II administration stimulated both the ET and natriuretic peptide system in the heart. At the same time, the pericardial ET-1 concentration did not rise significantly in response to any of the AT II dosages. Of interest is the observation that changes in pro-ET-1 levels were not followed by increases of pericardial ET-1 levels. It is conceivable that the stimulation of AT II needs a more prolonged time for the conversion of big ET-1 to ET-1. Another possibility is that AT II induced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of ET-converting enzyme-1 expression, as demonstrated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (33). Still another possibility, although speculative, is an accelerated elimination of ET-1 via AT II–stimulated degrading enzymes.

Considering the fact that the myocardial release of ET-1 was not elevated in response to administration of AT II, the stimulation of ANP liberation seems to be a direct effect of AT II rather than an ET-1–mediated response. On the other hand, we cannot exclude the involvement of other endogenous agents activated by AT II in the release of ANP. Because ip AT II administration did not elicit significant cardiovascular effects, except when the highest dose was applied, the AT II–induced increase of big ET-1 and ANP release occurred, at least in part, independently of the changes of cardiovascular functions.

In conclusion, ip AT II application exerts characteristic effects on myocardial big ET-1 and ANP production and release, providing new evidence for the in vivo local AT-ET and -ANP interactions in the heart.

Footnotes

This study was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (grants T034417, T037463, and T035144).

Received for publication September 7, 2005. Accepted for publication November 17, 2005.

References

  1. Ruskoaho H. Atrial natriuretic peptide: synthesis, release, and metabolism. Pharmacol Rev 44:479–602, 1992.[Medline]
  2. Lindpaintner K, Jin M, Wilhelm MJ, Suzuki F, Linz W, Schoelkens BA, Ganten D. Intracardiac generation of angiotensin and its physiologic role. Circulation 77:18–23, 1988.
  3. Suzuki T, Kumazaki T, Mitsui Y. Endothelin 1 is produced and secreted by neonatal rat carciac myocytes in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 191:823–830, 1993.[Medline]
  4. Komuro I. Molecular mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy and development. Jpn Circ J 65:353–358, 2001.[Medline]
  5. Virdis A, Schiffrin EL. Vascular inflammation: a role in vascular disease in hypertension? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12:181–187, 2003.[Medline]
  6. Hayashi D, Kudoh S, Shiojima I, Zou Y, Harada K, Shimoyama M, Imai Y, Monzen K, Yamazaki T, Yazaki Y, Nagai R, Komuro I. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 322:310–319, 2004.[Medline]
  7. Focaccio A, Volpe M, Ambrosio G, Lembo G, Pannain S, Rubattu S, Enea I, Pignasola S, Chiariello M. Angiotensin II directly stimulates release of atrial natriuretic factors in isolated rabbit hearts. Circulation 87:192–198, 1993.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Soualmia H, Barthelemy C, Masson F, Maistre G, Eurin J, Carayon A. Angiotensin II-induced phosphoinositide production and atrial natriuretic peptide release in rat atrial tissue. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 29:605–611, 1997.[Medline]
  9. Gray MO, Long CS, Kalinyak JE, Li HT, Karliner JS. Angiotensin II stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of TGF-beta 1 and endothelin-1 from fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 40:352–363, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Fukuda Y, Hirata Y, Yoshimi H, Kojima T, Kobayashi Y, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Endothelin is a potent secretagogue for atrial natriuretic peptide in cultured rat atrial myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155:167–172, 1988.[Medline]
  11. Fujisaki H, Ito H, Hirata Y, Tanaka M, Hata M, Lin M, Adachi S, Akimoto H, Marumo F, Hiroe M. Natriuretic peptides inhibit angiotensin II-induced proliferation of rat cardiac fibroblasts by blocking endothelin-1 gene expression. J Clin Invest 96:1059–1065, 1995.[Medline]
  12. Ruskoaho H, Leskinen H, Magga J, Taskinen P, Mäntymaa P, Vuolteenaho O, Leppäluoto J. Mechanisms of mechanical load-induced atrial natriuretic peptide secretion: role of endothelin, nitric oxide, and angiotensin II. J Mol Med 75:876–885, 1997.[Medline]
  13. Xia Y, Karmazyn M. Obligatory role for endogenous endothelin in mediating the hypertrophic effects of phenylephrine and angiotensin II in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes: evidence for two distinct mechanisms for endothelin regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310: 43–51, 2004.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Moreau P, d’Uscio LV, Shaw S, Takase H, Barton M, Luscher TF. Angiotensin II increases tissue endothelin and induces vascular hypertrophy: reversal by ET(A)-receptor antagonist. Circulation 96: 1593–1597, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Van Wamel AJ, Ruwhof C, van der Valk-Kokshoom LE, Schrier PI, van der Laarse A. The role of angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and transforming growth factor-beta as autocrin/paracrin mediators of stretch-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biochem 218: 113–124, 2001.[Medline]
  16. Amano J, Suzuki A, Sunamori M, Shichri M, Marumo F. Atrial natriuretic peptide in the pericardial fluid of patients with heart disease. Clin Sci 85:165–168, 1993.[Medline]
  17. Szokodi I, Horkay F, Selmeci L, Merkely B, Kékesi V, Ruskoaho H, Tóth M, Juhász-Nagy A. Characterization and stimuli for production of pericardial fluid atrial natriuretic peptide levels in dogs. Life Sci 61: 1349–1359, 1997.[Medline]
  18. Horkay F, Szokodi I, Selmeci L, Merkely B, Kékesi V, Vécsey T, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H, Juhász-Nagy A, Tóth M. Presence of immunoreactive endothelin-1 and atrial natriuretic peptide in human pericardial fluid. Life Sci 62:267–274, 1998.[Medline]
  19. Namiki A, Kubota T, Fukazawa M, Ishikawa M, Moroi M, Aikawa J, Ebine K, Yamaguchi T. Endothelin-1 concentrations in pericardial fluid are more elevated in patients with ischemic heart disease than in patients with nonischemic heart disease. Jpn Heart J 44:633–644, 2003.[Medline]
  20. Driver AG, Kukoly CA, Spence PA, Chitwood WR Jr, Mustafa SJ. Pericardial fluid adenosine in ischemic and valvular heart disease. Chest 107:346–351, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Fazekas L, Horkay F, Kékesi V, Huszár É, Barát E, Fazekas R, Szabó T, Juhász-Nagy A, Naszlady A. Enhanced accumulation of pericardial fluid adenosine and inosine in patients with coronary artery disease. Life Sci 65:1005–1012, 1999.[Medline]
  22. Klemola R, Huttunen P, Laine M, Weckstrom M, Hirvonen J. Catecholamines in pericardial fluid of normotensive, spontaneously hypertensive and reserpine-treated rats. Acta Physiol Scand 165:293–297, 1999.[Medline]
  23. Selmeci L, Antal M, Horkay F, Merkely B, Szokodi I, Bíró L, Székely M, Jobbágy J, Szépvölgyi J, Tóth M. Enhanced accumulation of pericardial fluid ferritin in patients with coronary artery disease. Coron Art Dis 11:53–56, 2000.[Medline]
  24. Fujita M, Ikemoto M, Kishishita M, Otani H, Nohara R, Tanaka T, Tamaki S, Yamazato A, Sasayama S. Elevated basic fibroblast growth factor in pericardial fluid of patients with unstable angina. Circulation 94:610–613, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Toma I, Nagy A, Jánosi C, Rusvai M, Juhász-Nagy A, Kékesi V. Intrapericardially administered endothelin-1 on pericardial natriuretic peptide concentrations of the in situ dog heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44:231–233, 2004.[Medline]
  26. Kékesi V, Toma I, Nagy A, Rusvai M, Barát E, Huszár E, Juhász-Nagy A. Cardiovascular responses to catecholamines and interactions with endothelin-1 and adenine nucleosides in the pericardium of the dog heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44:234–238, 2004.
  27. Knabb RM, Ely SW, Bacchus AN, Rubio R, Berne RM. Consistent parallel relationships among myocardial oxygen consumption, coronary blood flow, and pericardial infusate adenosine concentration with various interventions and ß-blockade in the dog. Circ Res 53:33–41, 1983.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Zima E, Kékesi V, Nagy A, Losonczi L, Toma I, Soós P, Barát E, Huszár E, Merkely B, Horkay F, Juhász-Nagy A. Endothelin-1-induced elevations in purine metabolite concentrations—autoregulatory protection in the canine pericardium? Clin Sci 103:202S–205S, 2002.
  29. National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 1996.
  30. Page E, Upshow-Earley J, Goings G. Permeability of rat endocardium, epicardium and myocardium to large molecules. Stretch-dependent effects. Circ Res 71:159–173, 1992.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Seul KH, Cho KW, Kim SH, Hwang YH, Park CU, Koh GY. Single injection of pentobarbital induces long-lasting effects on ANP synthesis and gene expression in rat atria. Life Sci 52:1351–1359, 1993.[Medline]
  32. Lee J, Lim SC, Jeong HS, Choi KC, Oh BS, Park SS. Long-term effects of pentobarbital anesthesia in the atrial natriuretic peptide system in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 205:62–66, 1994.[Medline]
  33. Lopez-Ongil S, Diez-Marques ML, Griera M, Rodriguez-Puyol M, Rodriguez-Puyol D. Crosstalk between mesangial and endothelial cells: angiotensin II down-regulates endothelin-converting enzyme 1. Cell Physiol Biochem 15:135–144, 2005.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
V. J. de Beer, O. Sorop, D. A. Pijnappels, D. H. Dekkers, F. Boomsma, J. M. J. Lamers, D. J. Duncker, and D. Merkus
Integrative control of coronary resistance vessel tone by endothelin and angiotensin II is altered in swine with a recent myocardial infarction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): H2069 - H2077.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Toma, I.
Right arrow Articles by Kékesi, V.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Toma, I.
Right arrow Articles by Kékesi, V.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS